---

panda/src/gobj/geom.cxx

Go to the documentation of this file.

// Filename: geom.cxx
// Created by:  mike (09Jan97)
//
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// PANDA 3D SOFTWARE
// Copyright (c) 2001, Disney Enterprises, Inc.  All rights reserved
//
// All use of this software is subject to the terms of the Panda 3d
// Software license.  You should have received a copy of this license
// along with this source code; you will also find a current copy of
// the license at http://www.panda3d.org/license.txt .
//
// To contact the maintainers of this program write to
// panda3d@yahoogroups.com .
//
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

#include "geom.h"
#include "config_gobj.h"

#include "graphicsStateGuardianBase.h"
#include "geometricBoundingVolume.h"
#include "datagram.h"
#include "datagramIterator.h"
#include "bamReader.h"
#include "bamWriter.h"
#include "ioPtaDatagramShort.h"
#include "ioPtaDatagramInt.h"
#include "ioPtaDatagramLinMath.h"
#include "indent.h"

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Static variables
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

TypeHandle Geom::_type_handle;

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//     Function: get_*_nonindexed
//  Description: Retrieves the next component of the nonindexed array.
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
static const Vertexf &get_vertex_nonindexed(Geom::VertexIterator &vi) {
  return *(vi._array++);
}
static const Normalf &get_normal_nonindexed(Geom::NormalIterator &vi) {
  return *(vi._array++);
}
static const TexCoordf &get_texcoord_nonindexed(Geom::TexCoordIterator &vi) {
  return *(vi._array++);
}
static const Colorf &get_color_nonindexed(Geom::ColorIterator &vi) {
  return *(vi._array++);
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//     Function: get_*_indexed
//  Description: Retrieves the next component of the indexed array.
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
static const Vertexf &get_vertex_indexed(Geom::VertexIterator &vi) {
  return vi._array[*(vi._index++)];
}
static const Normalf &get_normal_indexed(Geom::NormalIterator &vi) {
  return vi._array[*(vi._index++)];
}
static const TexCoordf &get_texcoord_indexed(Geom::TexCoordIterator &vi) {
  return vi._array[*(vi._index++)];
}
static const Colorf &get_color_indexed(Geom::ColorIterator &vi) {
  return vi._array[*(vi._index++)];
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//     Function: get_*_noop
//  Description: Doesn't retrieve anything at all.
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
static const Vertexf &get_vertex_noop(Geom::VertexIterator &) {
  static Vertexf nothing;
  return nothing;
}
static const Normalf &get_normal_noop(Geom::NormalIterator &) {
  static Normalf nothing;
  return nothing;
}
static const TexCoordf &get_texcoord_noop(Geom::TexCoordIterator &) {
  static TexCoordf nothing;
  return nothing;
}
static const Colorf &get_color_noop(Geom::ColorIterator &) {
  static Colorf nothing;
  return nothing;
}


////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//     Function: GeomBindType output operator
//  Description:
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
ostream &operator << (ostream &out, GeomBindType t) {
  switch (t) {
  case G_OFF:
    return out << "off";
  case G_OVERALL:
    return out << "overall";
  case G_PER_PRIM:
    return out << "per prim";
  case G_PER_COMPONENT:
    return out << "per component";
  case G_PER_VERTEX:
    return out << "per vertex";
  }
  return out << "(**invalid**)";
}


////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//     Function: GeomAttrType output operator
//  Description:
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
ostream &operator << (ostream &out, GeomAttrType t) {
  switch (t) {
  case G_COORD:
    return out << "coord";
  case G_COLOR:
    return out << "color";
  case G_NORMAL:
    return out << "normal";
  case G_TEXCOORD:
    return out << "texcoord";
  }
  return out << "(**invalid**)";
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//     Function: Geom::Constructor
//       Access: Public
//  Description:
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Geom::
Geom(void) : dDrawable() {
  _prepared_gsg = (GraphicsStateGuardianBase *)NULL;
  _prepared_context = (GeomContext *)NULL;
  init();
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//     Function: Geom::Constructor
//       Access: Public
//  Description:
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Geom::
Geom(const Geom& copy) : dDrawable() {
  _prepared_gsg = (GraphicsStateGuardianBase *)NULL;
  _prepared_context = (GeomContext *)NULL;
  *this = copy;
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//     Function: Geom::Destructor
//       Access: Public
//  Description:
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Geom::
~Geom() {
  unprepare();
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//     Function: Geom::Copy assignment operator
//       Access: Public
//  Description:
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void Geom::
operator = (const Geom &copy) {
  _coords = copy._coords;
  _norms = copy._norms;
  _colors = copy._colors;
  _texcoords = copy._texcoords;

  _vindex = copy._vindex;
  _nindex = copy._nindex;
  _cindex = copy._cindex;
  _tindex = copy._tindex;

  _numprims = copy._numprims;
  _num_vertices = copy._num_vertices;
  _primlengths = copy._primlengths;
  for (int i = 0; i < num_GeomAttrTypes; i++) {
    _bind[i] = copy._bind[i];
  }

  _get_vertex = copy._get_vertex;
  _get_normal = copy._get_normal;
  _get_color = copy._get_color;
  _get_texcoord = copy._get_texcoord;

  mark_bound_stale();
  make_dirty();
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//     Function: Geom::calc_tight_bounds
//       Access: Public
//  Description: Expands min_point and max_point to include all of the
//               vertices in the Geom, if any.  found_any is set true
//               if any points are found.  It is the caller's
//               responsibility to initialize min_point, max_point,
//               and found_any before calling this function.
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void Geom::
calc_tight_bounds(LPoint3f &min_point, LPoint3f &max_point, 
                  bool &found_any) const {
  Geom::VertexIterator vi = make_vertex_iterator();
  int num_prims = get_num_prims();
    
  for (int p = 0; p < num_prims; p++) {
    int length = get_length(p);
    for (int v = 0; v < length; v++) {
      Vertexf vertex = get_next_vertex(vi);
      
      if (found_any) {
        min_point.set(min(min_point[0], vertex[0]),
                      min(min_point[1], vertex[1]),
                      min(min_point[2], vertex[2]));
        max_point.set(max(max_point[0], vertex[0]),
                      max(max_point[1], vertex[1]),
                      max(max_point[2], vertex[2]));
      } else {
        min_point = vertex;
        max_point = vertex;
        found_any = true;
      }
    }
  }
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//     Function: Geom::transform_vertices
//       Access: Public
//  Description: Applies the indicated transform to all of the
//               vertices in the Geom.  If the Geom happens to share a
//               vertex table with another Geom, this operation will
//               duplicate the vertex table instead of breaking the
//               other Geom; however, if multiple Geoms with shared
//               tables are transformed by the same matrix, they will
//               no longer share tables after the operation.  Consider
//               using the GeomTransformer if you will be applying the
//               same transform to multiple Geoms.
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void Geom::
transform_vertices(const LMatrix4f &mat) {
  PTA_Vertexf coords;
  PTA_ushort index;
  get_coords(coords, index);
  PTA_Vertexf new_coords;
  new_coords.reserve(coords.size());
  PTA_Vertexf::const_iterator vi;
  for (vi = coords.begin(); vi != coords.end(); ++vi) {
    new_coords.push_back((*vi) * mat);
  }
  nassertv(new_coords.size() == coords.size());
  set_coords(new_coords, index);
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//     Function: Geom::set_coords
//       Access: Public
//  Description:
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void Geom::
set_coords(const PTA_Vertexf &coords, 
           const PTA_ushort &vindex) {
  _coords = coords;
  _bind[G_COORD] = G_PER_VERTEX;
  _vindex = vindex;

  mark_bound_stale();
  make_dirty();
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//     Function: Geom::set_coords
//       Access: Public
//  Description:
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void Geom::
set_coords(const PTA_Vertexf &coords, GeomBindType bind,
           const PTA_ushort &vindex) {
  nassertv(bind==G_PER_VERTEX);
  set_coords(coords, vindex);
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//     Function: Geom::set_normals
//       Access: Public
//  Description:
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void Geom::
set_normals(const PTA_Normalf &norms, GeomBindType bind,
            const PTA_ushort &nindex) {
  _norms = norms;
  _bind[G_NORMAL] = bind;
  _nindex = nindex;

  make_dirty();
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//     Function: Geom::set_colors
//       Access: Public
//  Description:
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void Geom::
set_colors(const PTA_Colorf &colors, GeomBindType bind,
           const PTA_ushort &cindex) {
  _colors = colors;
  _bind[G_COLOR] = bind;
  _cindex = cindex;

  make_dirty();
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//     Function: Geom::set_texcoords
//       Access: Public
//  Description:
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void Geom::
set_texcoords(const PTA_TexCoordf &texcoords, GeomBindType bind,
              const PTA_ushort &tindex) {
  _texcoords = texcoords;
  assert(bind == G_PER_VERTEX || bind == G_OFF);
  _bind[G_TEXCOORD] = bind;
  _tindex = tindex;

  make_dirty();
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//     Function: Geom::get_coords
//       Access: Public
//  Description:
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void Geom::
get_coords(PTA_Vertexf &coords,
           PTA_ushort &vindex) const {
  coords = _coords;
  vindex = _vindex;

  // G_PER_VERTEX is implicit binding
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//     Function: Geom::get_coords
//       Access: Public
//  Description:
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void Geom::
get_coords(PTA_Vertexf &coords, GeomBindType &bind,
           PTA_ushort &vindex) const {
  coords = _coords;
  bind = _bind[G_COORD];
  vindex = _vindex;
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//     Function: Geom::get_normals
//       Access: Public
//  Description:
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void Geom::
get_normals(PTA_Normalf &norms, GeomBindType &bind,
            PTA_ushort &nindex) const {
  norms = _norms;
  bind = _bind[G_NORMAL];
  nindex = _nindex;
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//     Function: Geom::get_colors
//       Access: Public
//  Description:
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void Geom::
get_colors(PTA_Colorf &colors, GeomBindType &bind,
           PTA_ushort &cindex) const {
  colors = _colors;
  bind = _bind[G_COLOR];
  cindex = _cindex;
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//     Function: Geom::get_texcoords
//       Access: Public
//  Description:
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void Geom::
get_texcoords(PTA_TexCoordf &texcoords, GeomBindType &bind,
              PTA_ushort &tindex) const {
  texcoords = _texcoords;
  bind = _bind[G_TEXCOORD];
  tindex = _tindex;
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//     Function: Geom::is_dynamic
//       Access: Public, Virtual
//  Description: Returns true if the Geom has any dynamic properties
//               that are expected to change from one frame to the
//               next, or false if the Geom is largely static.  For
//               now, this is the same thing as asking whether its
//               vertices are indexed.
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
bool Geom::
is_dynamic() const {
  return (_vindex != (ushort*)0L);
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//     Function: Geom::explode
//       Access: Public, Virtual
//  Description: If the Geom is a composite type such as a tristrip,
//               this allocates and returns a new Geom that represents
//               the same geometry as a simple type, for instance a
//               set of triangles.  If the Geom is already a simple
//               type, this allocates and returns a copy.  This is
//               just a convenience function for dealing with
//               composite types when performance is less than
//               paramount.
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Geom *Geom::
explode() const {
  return make_copy();
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//     Function: Geom::get_tris
//       Access: Public, Virtual
//  Description: This is similar in principle to explode(), except it
//               returns only a list of triangle vertex indices, with
//               no information about color or whatever.  The array
//               returned is a set of indices into the geom's _coords
//               array, as retrieve by get_coords(); there will be 3*n
//               elements in the array, where n is the number of
//               triangles described by the geometry.  This is useful
//               when it's important to determine the physical
//               structure of the geometry, without necessarily
//               worrying about its rendering properties, and when
//               performance considerations are not overwhelming.
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
PTA_ushort Geom::
get_tris() const {
  return PTA_ushort();
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//     Function: Geom::draw
//       Access: Public, Virtual
//  Description: Actually draws the Geom with the indicated GSG.
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void Geom::
draw(GraphicsStateGuardianBase *gsg) {
  if (is_dirty()) {
    config(); 
  }
  if (_prepared_gsg == gsg) {
    draw_immediate(gsg, _prepared_context);
  } else {
    draw_immediate(gsg, (GeomContext *)NULL);
  }
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//     Function: Geom::config
//       Access: Public, Virtual
//  Description: Configure rendering based on current settings
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void Geom::
config() {
  WritableConfigurable::config();

  // Only per vertex binding makes any sense
  if (_coords != (Vertexf*)0L && _bind[G_COORD] != G_OFF) {
    _get_vertex =
      (_vindex == (ushort*)0L) ? get_vertex_nonindexed : get_vertex_indexed;
  } else {
    gobj_cat.error()
      << "Geom::Config() - no vertex array!" << endl;
  }

  // Set up normal rendering configuration
  if (_norms != (Normalf*)0L && _bind[G_NORMAL] != G_OFF) {
    _get_normal =
      (_nindex == (ushort*)0L) ? get_normal_nonindexed : get_normal_indexed;
  } else {
    _get_normal = get_normal_noop;
  }

  // Set up texture coordinate rendering configuration
  if (_texcoords != (TexCoordf*)0L && _bind[G_TEXCOORD] != G_OFF) {
    _get_texcoord =
      (_tindex == (ushort*)0L) ? get_texcoord_nonindexed : get_texcoord_indexed;
  } else {
    _get_texcoord = get_texcoord_noop;
  }

  // Set up color rendering configuration
  if (_colors != (Colorf*)0L && _bind[G_COLOR] != G_OFF) {
    _get_color =
      (_cindex == (ushort*)0L) ? get_color_nonindexed : get_color_indexed;
  } else {
    _get_color = get_color_noop;
  }

  // Mark the Geom as needing to be prepared again.
  unprepare();
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//     Function: Geom::write
//       Access: Public
//  Description:
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void Geom::
write(ostream &out, int indent_level) const {
  indent(out, indent_level) << *this << endl;
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//     Function: Geom::output
//       Access: Public, Virtual
//  Description:
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void Geom::
output(ostream &out) const {
  out << get_type() << " (" << _numprims << ")";

  /*
      << " v:" << _coords.size()
      << " n:" << _norms.size()
      << " c:" << _colors.size()
      << " t:" << _texcoords.size()
      << " vi:" << _vindex.size()
      << " ni:" << _nindex.size()
      << " ci:" << _cindex.size()
      << " ti:" << _tindex.size();
  */
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//     Function: Geom::prepare
//       Access: Public
//  Description: Creates a context for the Geom on the particular
//               GSG, if it does not already exist.  Returns the new
//               (or old) GeomContext.
//
//               If the given GeomContext pointer is non-NULL, it will
//               be passed to the GSG, which may or may not choose to
//               extend the existing GeomContext, or create a totally
//               new one.
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
GeomContext *Geom::
prepare(GraphicsStateGuardianBase *gsg) {
  if (gsg != _prepared_gsg) {
    GeomContext *gc = gsg->prepare_geom(this);
    if (gc != (GeomContext *)NULL) {
      unprepare();
      _prepared_context = gc;
      _prepared_gsg = gsg;
    }
    return gc;
  }

  return _prepared_context;
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//     Function: Geom::unprepare
//       Access: Public
//  Description: Frees the context allocated on all GSG's for which
//               the geom has been declared.
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void Geom::
unprepare() {
  if (_prepared_gsg != (GraphicsStateGuardianBase *)NULL) {
    _prepared_gsg->release_geom(_prepared_context);
    _prepared_gsg = (GraphicsStateGuardianBase *)NULL;
    _prepared_context = (GeomContext *)NULL;
  }
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//     Function: Geom::unprepare
//       Access: Public
//  Description: Frees the geom context only on the indicated GSG,
//               if it exists there.
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void Geom::
unprepare(GraphicsStateGuardianBase *gsg) {
  if (_prepared_gsg == gsg) {
    _prepared_gsg->release_geom(_prepared_context);
    _prepared_gsg = (GraphicsStateGuardianBase *)NULL;
    _prepared_context = (GeomContext *)NULL;
  }
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//     Function: Geom::clear_gsg
//       Access: Public
//  Description: Removes the indicated GSG from the Geom's known
//               GSG's, without actually releasing the geom on that
//               GSG.  This is intended to be called only from
//               GSG::release_geom(); it should never be called by
//               user code.
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void Geom::
clear_gsg(GraphicsStateGuardianBase *gsg) {
  if (_prepared_gsg == gsg) {
    _prepared_gsg = (GraphicsStateGuardianBase *)NULL;
    _prepared_context = (GeomContext *)NULL;
  }
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//     Function: Geom::init
//       Access: Protected
//  Description:
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void Geom::
init() {
  int i;

  _coords.clear();
  _norms.clear();
  _colors.clear();
  _texcoords.clear();
  _vindex.clear();
  _nindex.clear();
  _cindex.clear();
  _tindex.clear();
  _primlengths.clear();

  for ( i = 0; i < num_GeomAttrTypes; i++ )
    _bind[i] = G_OFF;

  _get_vertex = get_vertex_noop;
  _get_normal = get_normal_noop;
  _get_texcoord = get_texcoord_noop;
  _get_color = get_color_noop;

  WritableConfigurable::config();
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//     Function: Geom::recompute_bound
//       Access: Protected, Virtual
//  Description: Recomputes the dynamic bounding volume for this Geom.
//               This includes all of the vertices.
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
BoundingVolume *Geom::
recompute_bound() {
  // First, get ourselves a fresh, empty bounding volume.
  BoundingVolume *bound = BoundedObject::recompute_bound();
  nassertr(bound != (BoundingVolume*)0L, bound);

  GeometricBoundingVolume *gbv = DCAST(GeometricBoundingVolume, bound);

  // Now actually compute the bounding volume by putting it around all
  // of our vertices.
  pvector<LPoint3f> vertices;
  VertexIterator vi = make_vertex_iterator();

  for (int p = 0; p < get_num_prims(); p++) {
    for (int v = 0; v < get_length(p); v++) {
      vertices.push_back(get_next_vertex(vi));
    }
  }

  const LPoint3f *vertices_begin = &vertices[0];
  const LPoint3f *vertices_end = vertices_begin + vertices.size();

  gbv->around(vertices_begin, vertices_end);

  return bound;
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//     Function: Geom::write_datagram
//       Access: Public
//  Description: Function to write the important information in
//               the particular object to a Datagram
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void Geom::
write_datagram(BamWriter *manager, Datagram &me) {
  int i;

  //Coordinates
  WRITE_PTA(manager, me, IPD_Vertexf::write_datagram, _coords)
  //Normals
  WRITE_PTA(manager, me, IPD_Normalf::write_datagram, _norms)
  //Colors
  WRITE_PTA(manager, me, IPD_Colorf::write_datagram, _colors)
  //Texture Coordinates
  WRITE_PTA(manager, me, IPD_TexCoordf::write_datagram, _texcoords)

  //Now write out the indices for each array
  WRITE_PTA(manager, me, IPD_ushort::write_datagram, _vindex)
  WRITE_PTA(manager, me, IPD_ushort::write_datagram, _nindex)
  WRITE_PTA(manager, me, IPD_ushort::write_datagram, _cindex)
  WRITE_PTA(manager, me, IPD_ushort::write_datagram, _tindex)

  me.add_uint16(_numprims);
  WRITE_PTA(manager, me, IPD_int::write_datagram, _primlengths)

  //Write out the bindings for vertices, normals,
  //colors and texture coordinates
  for(i = 0; i < num_GeomAttrTypes; i++) {
    me.add_uint8(_bind[i]);
  }
}


////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//     Function: Geom::fillin
//       Access: Protected
//  Description: Function that reads out of the datagram (or asks
//               manager to read) all of the data that is needed to
//               re-create this object and stores it in the appropiate
//               place
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void Geom::
fillin(DatagramIterator& scan, BamReader* manager) {
  int i;

  //Coordinates
  READ_PTA(manager, scan, IPD_Vertexf::read_datagram, _coords)
  //Normals
  READ_PTA(manager, scan, IPD_Normalf::read_datagram, _norms)
  //Colors
  READ_PTA(manager, scan, IPD_Colorf::read_datagram, _colors)
  //Texture Coordinates
  READ_PTA(manager, scan, IPD_TexCoordf::read_datagram, _texcoords)

  //Now read in the indices for each array
  READ_PTA(manager, scan, IPD_ushort::read_datagram, _vindex)
  READ_PTA(manager, scan, IPD_ushort::read_datagram, _nindex)
  READ_PTA(manager, scan, IPD_ushort::read_datagram, _cindex)
  READ_PTA(manager, scan, IPD_ushort::read_datagram, _tindex)

  _numprims = scan.get_uint16();

  // is there any point in doing this for uses_components()==false?
  READ_PTA(manager, scan, IPD_int::read_datagram, _primlengths)

  if (uses_components()) {
      _num_vertices = PTA_int_arraysum(_primlengths);
  } else {
      // except for strips & fans with the length arrays, total verts will be simply this
      _num_vertices = _numprims*get_num_vertices_per_prim();
  }

  //Write out the bindings for vertices, normals,
  //colors and texture coordinates
  for(i = 0; i < num_GeomAttrTypes; i++) {
    _bind[i] = (enum GeomBindType) scan.get_uint8();
  }
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//     Function: describe_attr
//  Description: A handy helper function for output_verbose,
//               below.
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
template <class VecType>
static void
describe_attr(ostream &out, const Geom *geom,
              GeomBindType bind, const PTA(VecType) &array,
              bool newline, int indent_level) {
  PTA_int lengths = geom->get_lengths();
  int num_prims = geom->get_num_prims();
  bool components = geom->uses_components();

  int i, j, vi;
  switch (bind) {
  case G_PER_VERTEX:
    indent(out, indent_level)
      << "Per vertex:";
    vi = 0;
    int num_verts;
    num_verts = geom->get_num_vertices_per_prim();
    for (i = 0; i < num_prims; i++) {
      if (components) {
        num_verts = lengths[i];
      }
      out << "\n";
      indent(out, indent_level) << "[ ";
      if (num_verts > 0) {
        out << array[vi++];
        for (j = 1; j < num_verts; j++) {
          if (newline) {
            out << "\n";
            indent(out, indent_level + 2);
          } else {
            out << " ";
          }
          out << array[vi++];
        }
      }
      out << " ]";
    }
    break;

  case G_PER_COMPONENT:
    if (!components) {
      indent(out, indent_level)
        << "Invalid per-component attribute specified!";
    } else {
      indent(out, indent_level)
        << "Per component:";
      vi = 0;
      for (i = 0; i < num_prims; i++) {
        num_verts = lengths[i] - geom->get_num_more_vertices_than_components();
        out << "\n";
        indent(out, indent_level) << "[ ";
        if (num_verts > 0) {
          out << array[vi++];
          for (j = 1; j < num_verts; j++) {
            if (newline) {
              out << "\n";
              indent(out, indent_level + 2);
            } else {
              out << " ";
            }
            out << array[vi++];
          }
          out << " ]";
        }
      }
    }
    break;

  case G_PER_PRIM:
    indent(out, indent_level)
      << "Per prim:";
    for (i = 0; i < num_prims; i++) {
      if (newline) {
        out << "\n";
        indent(out, indent_level + 2);
      } else {
        out << " ";
      }
      out << array[i];
    }
    break;

  case G_OVERALL:
    indent(out, indent_level)
      << "Overall:";
    if (newline) {
      out << "\n";
      indent(out, indent_level + 2);
    } else {
      out << " ";
    }
    out << array[0];

  case G_OFF:
    break;
  }
  out << "\n";
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//     Function: Geom::write_verbose
//       Access: Public
//  Description: Writes to the indicated ostream a formatted picture
//               of the contents of the Geom, in detail--but hopefully
//               not too much detail.
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void Geom::
write_verbose(ostream &out, int indent_level) const {
  GeomBindType bind_normals;
  GeomBindType bind_tcoords;
  GeomBindType bind_colors;

  PTA_Vertexf g_coords;
  PTA_Normalf g_normals;
  PTA_TexCoordf g_tcoords;
  PTA_Colorf g_colors;

  PTA_ushort i_coords;
  PTA_ushort i_normals;
  PTA_ushort i_tcoords;
  PTA_ushort i_colors;

  get_coords(g_coords, i_coords);
  get_normals(g_normals, bind_normals, i_normals);
  get_texcoords(g_tcoords, bind_tcoords, i_tcoords);
  get_colors(g_colors, bind_colors, i_colors);

  out << "\n";
  indent(out, indent_level)
    << get_type() << " contains "
    << get_num_prims() << " primitives:\n";

  if ((i_coords == (ushort *)NULL) && (g_coords == (Vertexf *)NULL)) {
    indent(out, indent_level)
      << "No coords\n";
  } else if (i_coords!=(ushort*)0L) {
    indent(out, indent_level)
      << "Indexed coords = " << (void *)g_coords << ", length = "
      << g_coords.size() << ":\n";
    describe_attr(out, this, G_PER_VERTEX, i_coords, false, indent_level + 2);
  } else {
    indent(out, indent_level)
      << "Nonindexed coords:\n";
    describe_attr(out, this, G_PER_VERTEX, g_coords, true, indent_level + 2);
  }

  if (bind_colors == G_OFF) {
    indent(out, indent_level)
      << "No colors\n";
  } else if (i_colors!=(ushort*)0L) {
    indent(out, indent_level)
      << "Indexed colors = " << (void *)g_colors << ", length = "
      << g_colors.size() << "\n";
    describe_attr(out, this, bind_colors, i_colors, false, indent_level + 2);
  } else {
    indent(out, indent_level)
      << "Nonindexed colors:\n";
    describe_attr(out, this, bind_colors, g_colors, true, indent_level + 2);
  }

  if (bind_tcoords == G_OFF) {
    indent(out, indent_level)
      << "No tcoords\n";
  } else if (i_tcoords!=(ushort*)0L) {
    indent(out, indent_level)
      << "Indexed tcoords = " << (void *)g_tcoords << ", length = "
      << g_tcoords.size() << "\n";
    describe_attr(out, this, bind_tcoords, i_tcoords, false, indent_level + 2);
  } else {
    indent(out, indent_level)
      << "Nonindexed tcoords:\n";
    describe_attr(out, this, bind_tcoords, g_tcoords, true, indent_level + 2);
  }

  if (bind_normals == G_OFF) {
    indent(out, indent_level)
      << "No normals\n";
  } else if (i_normals!=(ushort*)0L) {
    indent(out, indent_level)
      << "Indexed normals = " << (void *)g_normals << ", length = "
      << g_normals.size() << "\n";
    describe_attr(out, this, bind_normals, i_normals, false, indent_level + 2);
  } else {
    indent(out, indent_level)
      << "Nonindexed normals:\n";
    describe_attr(out, this, bind_normals, g_normals, true, indent_level + 2);
  }
}

---